In Italy research is performed mainly by higher education institutions (mainly public and few private universities, polytechnics, research centres) and other types of public institutions. Business enterprises and private not for profit organizations also carry out research in different fields. The public funding comes mainly from the central government and on a smaller scale from regional governments. A relevant role is also played by EU framework programme funding. Private organizations also fund research in different fields. Between 2008 and 2018 the percentage of Open Access (OA) publications was roughly estimated to be about 40% over the total number of publications published by Italian institutions (source: Open Science Monitor, European commission).